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          微生物学绪论
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            <p>参考书籍《微生物学教程》第3版 周德兴编著</p>
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<h2 id="绪论-微生物与人类"><a href="#绪论-微生物与人类" class="headerlink" title="绪论 微生物与人类"></a>绪论 微生物与人类</h2><h3 id="微生物的含义"><a href="#微生物的含义" class="headerlink" title="微生物的含义"></a>微生物的含义</h3><h4 id="什么是微生物"><a href="#什么是微生物" class="headerlink" title="什么是微生物"></a>什么是微生物</h4><p>微生物是指一切肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。<br>它们都是一些个体微小（一般&lt;0.1mm）、构造简单的低等生物。<br>大多为单细胞，少数为多细胞，还包括一些没有细胞结构的生物。</p>
<h4 id="微生物包括三大类群"><a href="#微生物包括三大类群" class="headerlink" title="微生物包括三大类群"></a>微生物包括三大类群</h4><ul>
<li><p>属于原核类的细菌（真细菌和古生菌）、放线菌、蓝细菌（旧称“蓝绿藻”或“蓝藻”）、枝原体（又称支原体、立克次氏体和衣原体；</p>
</li>
<li><p>属于真核类的真菌（酵母菌、霉菌和蕈菌）、原生动物和显微藻类；</p>
</li>
<li><p>属于非细胞类的病毒和亚病毒（类病毒、拟病毒和朊病毒）</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="人类对微生物世界的认识史"><a href="#人类对微生物世界的认识史" class="headerlink" title="人类对微生物世界的认识史"></a>人类对微生物世界的认识史</h3><h4 id="微生物难以认识的主要原因"><a href="#微生物难以认识的主要原因" class="headerlink" title="微生物难以认识的主要原因"></a>微生物难以认识的主要原因</h4><h4 id="微生物学发展史"><a href="#微生物学发展史" class="headerlink" title="微生物学发展史"></a>微生物学发展史</h4><p>微生物学发展史的分期以及各时期的时间、实质、创始人和特点如下：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>史前期（约8000年前~1676年）——朦胧阶段</p>
<ul>
<li><p>代表人物：<strong>各国劳动人民</strong>。其中尤以我国的制曲、酿酒技术著称</p>
</li>
<li><p>特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>未见细菌等微生物的个体；</li>
<li>凭实践经验利用微生物的有益活动（进行酿酒、发面、制酱、娘醋、沤肥、轮作、治病等）</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>初创期（1676~1861年）——形态描述阶段</p>
<ul>
<li><p>代表人物：<strong>列文虎克</strong>——微生物学的先驱者</p>
</li>
<li><p>特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>自制单式显微镜，观察到细菌等微生物的个体；</li>
<li>出于个人爱好对一些微生物进行形态描述。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>奠基期（1861~1897年）——生理水平研究阶段</p>
<ul>
<li><p>代表人物：<strong>巴斯德</strong>——微生物学奠基人和<strong>科赫</strong>——细菌学奠基人。</p>
</li>
<li><p>特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>微生物学开始建立；</li>
<li>创立了一整套独特的微生物学基本研究方法；</li>
<li>开始运用“实践—理论—实践”的思想方法开展研究</li>
<li>建立了许多应用性分支学科</li>
<li>进入寻找人类和动物病原菌的黄金时期</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>发展期（1897~1953年）——生化水平研究阶段</p>
<ul>
<li><p>代表人物：<strong>E. Buchner</strong>——生物化学的奠基人</p>
</li>
<li><p>特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>对无细胞酵母菌“酒化酶”进行生化研究；</li>
<li>发现微生物的代谢统一性；</li>
<li>普通微生物学开始形成；</li>
<li>开展广泛寻找微生物的有益代谢产物；</li>
<li>青霉素的发现推动了微生物工业化培养技术的猛进。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>成熟期（1953年~至今）——分子生物学水平研究阶段</p>
<ul>
<li><p>代表人物：<strong>J. Watson</strong>和 <strong>F. Crick</strong>——分子生物学奠基人</p>
</li>
<li><p>特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>广泛运用分子生物学理论和现代研究方法，深刻揭示微生物的各种生命活动规律；</li>
<li>以基因工程为主导，把传统的工业发酵提高到发酵工程新水平；</li>
<li>大量理论性、交叉性、应用性和实验性分支学科飞速发展；</li>
<li>微生物学的基础理论和独特实验技术推动了生命科学各领域飞速发展；</li>
<li>微生物基因组的研究促进了生物信息学时代的到来。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="微生物学的发展促进了人类的进步"><a href="#微生物学的发展促进了人类的进步" class="headerlink" title="微生物学的发展促进了人类的进步"></a>微生物学的发展促进了人类的进步</h3><p>微生物学的发展促进人类的进步的5个方面：</p>
<h4 id="微生物与医疗保健"><a href="#微生物与医疗保健" class="headerlink" title="微生物与医疗保健"></a>微生物与医疗保健</h4><p>微生物学家通过在医疗保健战线发起的“ 六大战役”</p>
<ul>
<li><p>外科消毒术的建立</p>
</li>
<li><p>寻找人畜严重传染病的病原菌</p>
</li>
<li><p>免疫防治法的发明和广泛应用</p>
</li>
<li><p>化学治疗剂（ 磺胺药等） 的普及</p>
</li>
<li><p>多种抗生素的筛选及其大规模生产和应用</p>
</li>
<li><p>利用基因工程菌生产各种多肽类生物药物等</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>使原先猖獗一时的细菌性传染病得到了较好的控制， 烈性传染病天花成了地球上第一个被人类消灭的传染病，脊髓灰质炎和麻疹也即将成为在地球上第二、第三种被消灭的传染病。生活在文明社会中的每一个人，几乎毫无例外地都受到过微生物药物尤其是抗生素的治疗， 从而使人类的平均寿命有了大幅度的提高。</p>
<h4 id="微生物与工业生产"><a href="#微生物与工业生产" class="headerlink" title="微生物与工业生产"></a>微生物与工业生产</h4><h4 id="微生物与农业生产"><a href="#微生物与农业生产" class="headerlink" title="微生物与农业生产"></a>微生物与农业生产</h4><h4 id="微生物与环境保护"><a href="#微生物与环境保护" class="headerlink" title="微生物与环境保护"></a>微生物与环境保护</h4><h4 id="微生物与生命科学基础研究"><a href="#微生物与生命科学基础研究" class="headerlink" title="微生物与生命科学基础研究"></a>微生物与生命科学基础研究</h4><h3 id="微生物的五大共性"><a href="#微生物的五大共性" class="headerlink" title="微生物的五大共性"></a>微生物的五大共性</h3><h4 id="体积小，面积大"><a href="#体积小，面积大" class="headerlink" title="体积小，面积大"></a>体积小，面积大</h4><p>微生物大小以μm计，但比表面积（表面积/体积）大。由于一个小体积大面积系统必然有一个巨大的营养物质吸收面、代谢废物的排泄面和环境信息的交换面，从而产生其余4个共性，因此，这也是微生物<strong>最基本的特征</strong>。</p>
<h4 id="吸收多，转化快"><a href="#吸收多，转化快" class="headerlink" title="吸收多，转化快"></a>吸收多，转化快</h4><p>这一特性为髙速生长繁殖和产生大量代谢物提供了充分的物质基础。</p>
<h4 id="生长旺，繁殖快"><a href="#生长旺，繁殖快" class="headerlink" title="生长旺，繁殖快"></a>生长旺，繁殖快</h4><p>这一特性可在短时间内把大量基质转化为有用产品，缩短科硏周期，但也有不利的一面，如疾病、粮食霉变。</p>
<h4 id="适应强，易变异"><a href="#适应强，易变异" class="headerlink" title="适应强，易变异"></a>适应强，易变异</h4><p>有些极端微生物能生活在髙温、高酸、髙碱、髙盐、髙毒、髙压或低温等极端环境中；微生物遗传物质易变异</p>
<h4 id="分布广，种类多"><a href="#分布广，种类多" class="headerlink" title="分布广，种类多"></a>分布广，种类多</h4><p>微生物的种类多构成了微生物多样性，主要表现在：</p>
<ul>
<li>物种的多样性；</li>
<li>生理代谢类型的多样性；</li>
<li>代谢产物的多样性；</li>
<li>遗传基因的多样性；</li>
<li>生态类型的多样性。</li>
</ul>

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